Constitutional Law

Challenges based on the Appointments Clause of the United States Constitution regarding the appointment of federal officers.

1. Williams v. United States of America

2. Jurisdiction: United States of America (March 27, 2023)
3. Victims<![CDATA[无]]>Defendants<![CDATA[United States of America]]>Plaintiffs<![CDATA[Williams]]>Investigators<![CDATA[无]]>Prosecutors<![CDATA[无]]>Defense Attorneys<![CDATA[无]]>Plaintiff Attorneys<![CDATA[无]]>Judges<![CDATA[无]]>Institutions<![CDATA[无]]>
4. Case Tags: Federal Tort Claims Act;Constitutional Law;Civil Procedure;Government Liability

1. Cockrell v. Pickens County Commission

2. Jurisdiction: United States (September 26, 2023)
3. Victims<![CDATA[无]]>Defendants<![CDATA[Pickens County Commission]]>Plaintiffs<![CDATA[Randall Cockrell]]>Investigators<![CDATA[无]]>Prosecutors<![CDATA[无]]>Defense Attorneys<![CDATA[Matt Clark]]>Plaintiff Attorneys<![CDATA[Monica Miller]]>Judges<![CDATA[R. David Proctor]]>Institutions<![CDATA[Pickens County Commission]]><![CDATA[U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama]]><![CDATA[American Humanist Association]]><![CDATA[Alliance Defending Freedom]]>
4. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;First Amendment;Religious Monuments;Federal Court Ruling

1. Foster v. United States of America

2. Jurisdiction: United States of America (October 3, 2023)
3. Victims<![CDATA[无]]>Defendants<![CDATA[United States of America]]>Plaintiffs<![CDATA[John Foster]]>Investigators<![CDATA[无]]>Prosecutors<![CDATA[无]]>Defense Attorneys<![CDATA[United States Department of Justice Attorneys]]>Plaintiff Attorneys<![CDATA[无]]>Judges<![CDATA[无]]>Institutions<![CDATA[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]><![CDATA[United States Department of Justice]]>
4. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;Government Surveillance;Fourth Amendment;National Security

1. Supreme Court Medical PG Quota Unconstitutionality Case

2. Jurisdiction: India (2025-04-15)
3. Original Case: Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Association v. Union of India (Medical PG Quota)
4. Victims<![CDATA[无]]>Defendants<![CDATA[Union of India]]><![CDATA[National Medical Commission]]><![CDATA[Directorate General of Health Services]]>Plaintiffs<![CDATA[Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Association]]><![CDATA[Federation of Resident Doctors' Association of India]]>Investigators<![CDATA[无]]>Prosecutors<![CDATA[无]]>Defense Attorneys<![CDATA[Solicitor General Tushar Mehta]]><![CDATA[Additional Solicitor General Aishwarya Bhati]]>Plaintiff Attorneys<![CDATA[Senior Advocate Vikas Singh]]><![CDATA[Senior Advocate Indira Jaising]]>Judges<![CDATA[Chief Justice Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]><![CDATA[Justice Hima Kohli]]><![CDATA[Justice J.B. Pardiwala]]>Institutions<![CDATA[Supreme Court of India]]><![CDATA[National Medical Commission]]><![CDATA[Federation of Resident Doctors' Association of India]]>
5. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;Medical Education Reform;Reservation Policy Litigation;Human Rights and Healthcare

1. 罗宾逊诉美国案

2. Jurisdiction: United States (October 24, 2023)
3. Original Case: Robinson v. United States of America
4. DefendantsSterling RobinsonDeron Edwards RobinsonKenneth L. RobinsonPlaintiffsKenneth L. RobinsonMarlo RobinsonPhilip V. RobinsonProsecutorsRobert E. McGuireDefense AttorneysBenjamin H. PerryDavid G. PhillipsPlaintiff AttorneysDavid G. PhillipsJudgesMcKeagueWhiteMurphyInstitutionsUnited States Court of Appeals for the Fifth CircuitUnited States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
5. Case Tags: Criminal Law;Employment Discrimination;Supervised Release;Constitutional Law

1. 霍华德诉阿拉巴马州执法机构等案

2. Jurisdiction: United States (October 23, 2023)
3. Original Case: Howard v. Alabama Law Enforcement Agency et al
4. DefendantsAlabama Law Enforcement AgencyHal TaylorMike TrotterMaury MitchellJordan PowellAndrew HamlinScott FosterKeith Booty CoxPlaintiffsGavin HowardJudgesAnnemarie Carney AxonInstitutionsU.S. District Court for the Northern District of Alabama
5. Case Tags: Civil Rights;Constitutional Law;Pro Se Litigation;Dismissal

1. Rice v. Social Security Administration, Commissioner

2. Jurisdiction: United States (December 11, 2023)
3. PlaintiffsMichael Shane RiceJudgesMichael L. BrownJames E. Graves Jr.InstitutionsUnited States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh CircuitSocial Security Administration
4. Case Tags: Administrative Law;Constitutional Law;Social Security Disability Insurance;Eleventh Circuit

1. Kailing v. United States of America

2. Jurisdiction: United States (March 31, 2026)
3. DefendantsUnited States of AmericaPlaintiffsKailing
4. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;Federal Tort Claims;Civil Rights;Government Liability

1. Jones v. Kijakazi

2. Jurisdiction: United States (February 3, 2026)
3. Original Case: Jones v. Kijakazi, Acting Commissioner of Social Security
4. Key Figures: Brian Jones (petitioner); Kilolo Kijakazi, Acting Commissioner of Social Security (respondent)
5. Case Tags: Social Security Disability;Appointments Clause;Constitutional Law;Administrative Law

1. Teryaeva-Reed v. United States of America

2. Jurisdiction: United States (February 18, 2026)
3. Key Figures: Elena Teryaeva-Reed (Plaintiff), United States of America (Defendant)
4. Case Tags: Expatriation Tax;FATCA Challenge;Constitutional Law;Financial Privacy

1. Ogles v. Birmingham, City of

2. Jurisdiction: United States (Alabama) (2026-03-05)
3. Key Figures: Plaintiff: John Ogles, Defendant: City of Birmingham, Alabama
4. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;First Amendment;Free Speech;Government Liability

1. Minorities Rights Organization v. CBI (CAA Implementation)

2. Jurisdiction: India (2025)
3. Original Case: Minorities Rights Organization v. Central Bureau of Investigation (CAA Implementation)
4. Key Figures: Minorities Rights Organization (Petitioner, through Secretary Mr. Ahmadullah Khan); Central Bureau of Investigation (Respondent); Union of India (Intervenor)
5. Case Tags: Citizenship Amendment Act;Minority Rights;Judicial Review;Constitutional Law

1. Barber v. Murray

2. Jurisdiction: United States (March 12, 2026)
3. Key Figures: Plaintiff: John Barber (barbershop owner); Defendant: Lisa Murray (Attorney General of the State of West Dakota)
4. Case Tags: First Amendment;Economic Liberty;Constitutional Law;Occupational Licensing

1. Merrill v. Social Security Administration, Commissioner

2. Jurisdiction: United States (March 27, 2026)
3. DefendantsSocial Security AdministrationPlaintiffsMerrillInstitutionsSocial Security AdministrationUnited States District Court for the District of New HampshireUnited States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
4. Case Tags: Social Security Law;Constitutional Law;Administrative Law;Disability Rights

1. Battle v. Alabama, State of

2. Jurisdiction: United States (April 14, 2026)
3. Key Figures: Alex Battle, a transgender minor, by and through his parents John Battle and Mary Battle (Plaintiffs) v. State of Alabama (Defendant)
4. Case Tags: Transgender Rights;Constitutional Law;Equal Protection Clause;Gender-Affirming Care

1. A.E. v. Powell et al

2. Jurisdiction: United States (March 19, 2026)
3. Key Figures: Plaintiff: A.E. (a minor, through her guardian); Defendants: Andrew Powell (Director of the Federal Bureau of Algorithmic Safety), Michael Chen (Commissioner of the Social Data Administration), the Social Data Administration
4. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;Data Privacy;Algorithmic Discrimination;Juvenile Justice

1. A.B. v. United States of America

2. Jurisdiction: United States (March 30, 2026)
3. VictimsA.B.DefendantsUnited States of AmericaPlaintiffsA.B.InvestigatorsFederal Bureau of InvestigationProsecutorsUnited States Department of JusticeDefense AttorneysUnited States Attorney's OfficePlaintiff AttorneysAmerican Civil Liberties UnionJudgesUnited States District Court JudgeInstitutionsUnited States District CourtUnited States Court of AppealsDepartment of Homeland Security
4. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;Immigration Detention;Due Process;Class Action

1. Smith v. State of Alabama

2. Jurisdiction: United States (April 7, 2026)
3. VictimsJohn DoeDefendantsState of AlabamaPlaintiffsMarcus SmithInvestigatorsDetective Sarah ChenProsecutorsDavid MillerDefense AttorneysAngela WrightPlaintiff AttorneysBenjamin FosterJudgesJudge Robert ThompsonInstitutionsAlabama Supreme CourtMontgomery Police Department
4. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;Criminal Procedure;Civil Rights;Technology Law

1. Spencer v. United States of America

2. Jurisdiction: United States (April 21, 2026)
3. VictimsNot publicly disclosedDefendantsUnited States of AmericaPlaintiffsRobert SpencerInvestigatorsFederal Bureau of InvestigationProsecutorsUnited States Department of JusticeDefense AttorneysNot publicly disclosedPlaintiff AttorneysNot publicly disclosedJudgesNot publicly disclosedInstitutionsUnited States District CourtFederal Bureau of InvestigationUnited States Department of Justice
4. Case Tags: Federal Tort Claims;Constitutional Law;Civil Rights Litigation;Bivens Action

1. Kailing v. United States

2. Jurisdiction: United States (March 31, 2026)
3. Original Case: Kailing v. United States of America
4. Key Figures: John Kailing (Plaintiff), United States of America (Defendant)
5. Case Tags: Constitutional Law;Religious Freedom Restoration Act;Vaccine Mandate;Supreme Court Ruling